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04Precedent · how it went for them

The situation“I know what we're doing isn't working but I can't see the alternative.”

Leaders who made the same call — what each did, and how it went.

WorkedShouldn’t have been tried

Worked · Grace Hopper, Remington Rand, 1951

In 1951, while working at the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation — then a subsidiary of Remington Rand — Grace Hopper decided to develop what became the A-0 compiler: a system to automate the manual retrieval and linking of subroutines that programmers were then doing by hand for every new program.

Worked · Melinda French Gates, Pivotal Ventures, 2015 onwards

Melinda French Gates founded Pivotal Ventures in 2015.

Worked · Brett Martin, Sonar, 2012

Sonar was an "ambient social networking" app — show me who's around me right now, who I might know, who I might want to talk to.

Shouldn’t have been tried · Nokia, late 2000s

Nokia was the dominant mobile phone manufacturer in the world, with a market share above forty per cent, when the iPhone launched in January 2007.